Description
The opponent-process theory suggests that we often experience emotions in opposing pairs such as fear and relief or pleasure and pain. When we experience one end of the spectrum, the other end is temporarily suppressed and thus we rarely experience the two at the same time. However, there are times when we experience both emotions before the first emotion fades. When this happens, the experience can be uncomfortable or even strangely enjoyable. A good example of this process is skydiving, which was the basis of the primary research into this theory. When a person skydives for the very first time, the jump elicits high levels of fear and relatively low levels of pleasure, even upon landing. However, as the skydiver gains more experience, the level of fear decreases while pleasure increases. Often, the skydiver feels both at the same time, resulting in high levels of excitement. Another example is shopping and the guilt that often follows. For example, a woman finds a new dress that she loves but not having the money, she charges the new dress. She immediately feels excitement and pleasure with her new purchase. However, soon after getting home, she begins to feel guilt for charging a dress that she wanted, but did not really need. Now, read the following article: Solomon, R. L., & Corbit, J. D. (1974). An opponent-process theory of motivation: I. temporal dynamics of affect. Psychological Review,81(2), 119–145. doi:10.1037/h0036128. (ProQuest Document ID: 614270014) http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/ docview/614270014?accountid=34899 Based on your analysis of the article, explain in detail how the opponent-process theory works. Be sure to address the following: How does the opponent-process theory explain why drug addiction is so difficult to break? With this understanding, what can a person do to affect their emotions in a way that helps them break their addiction? Write your initial response in 3–4 paragraphs. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Assignment 2: Pavlov’s Dog: An Example of Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is an important theory of learning within the behavioral perspective of learning that you explored in Module 1. The key to classical conditioning is that we learn through association, which is quite different from operant conditioning in which we learn through consequence. When Ivan Pavlov was studying the process of salivation in dogs, he made an accidental, but really important discovery—classical conditioning. He discovered that after pairing the appearance of the researcher with the delivery of food a number of times, the dogs began to salivate as soon as the researcher walked into the room even when he or she was not carrying any food. Here is a list of the steps of the classically conditioned learning process: Stimulus / Response Event Outcome Neutral stimulus (NS) The researcher enters the room—prior to the dog learning that the researcher is associated with food. There is no response. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Food—the dog naturally responds to the food. No learning needed. Unconditioned response (UCR) The dog salivates because of the food. The dog did not need to be taught to salivate. Conditioned stimulus (CS) The researcher enters the room. Now, after being paired with the food, the appearance of the researcher has become a learned stimulus. Conditioned response (CR) Salivation now occurs because of the researcher. The dog has now learned to salivate in response to the mere presence of the researcher. Here is another example of the steps of the classical conditioning process: You have moved into a new apartment building. The first time you take a shower happens to correspond with the time when someone flushes the toilet. As a result of this flushing, the water in the shower becomes very hot. Now, because of this experience, each time you hear the toilet flush, you jump out of the shower before the temperature of the water changes. NS: Sound of the flushing of the toilet UCS: Hot water UCR: Jumping out of the shower because of the hot water CS: Sound of the flushing of the toilet CR: Jumping out of the shower because of the sound of the flushing toilet Now, complete the following: Part 1 Think of a classically conditioned response you have experienced and describe the process of learning this response (what was the process you went through in becoming classically conditioned in this response). Be sure to identify the following: Neutral stimulus (NS) Unconditional stimulus (UCS) Unconditional response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR) Part 2 Address the following questions: Describe a practical application that demonstrates this classically conditioned association from your own life. What function does this classically conditioned association serve? Explain what would happen if you no longer responded to this conditioned stimulus. Describe the manner in which generalization works to maintain classical conditioning. Identify the stimulus that has been generalized or could be generalized in your classically conditioned response. Write a 2–3-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Be sure to also include a title page and a reference page. Use the following file naming convention:
